To Coordinate or Not to Coordinate? Learning to Swim with Eight Soft Arms

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Article Summary

Does effective swimming with multiple underactuated soft arms require explicit coordination between arms? We hypothesize that an eight-arm swimmer can control its swimming speed and direction by independently learning each arm's actuation amplitude under a shared rhythmic drive, without prescribed inter-arm phase coupling. To test this hypothesis, we compare three reinforcement learning-based control strategies using proximal policy optimization (PPO): (1) learning arm-specific actuation amplitudes without inter-arm phase coupling, (2) learning actuation amplitudes with prescribed inter-arm phase coupling, and (3) directly learning actuator commands through end-to-end PPO without an explicit rhythmic structure. Across 200 episodes with randomized three-dimensional velocity commands, the controller without phase coupling satisfies the tracking criterion in 169 episodes, compared with 117 for the phase-coupled controller and 28 for end-to-end PPO. Straight-line swimming and commanded direction-change trials further demonstrate more accurate velocity tracking without phase coupling. These findings suggest that effective eight-arm swimming does not require prescribed inter-arm phase coupling, but can instead be achieved through learned arm-specific amplitude modulation within a rhythmic control structure.

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