RoboFake: Are Deepfake Detectors Ready for Humanoid Face Robots?

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Article Summary

Humanoid face robots can now move their lips in sync with speech and show detailed facial expressions. Give such a robot the face of a real person and drive it with generated speech, and you get a face forgery that happens in front of the camera: the camera records a real object, and no pixel is edited. We call this a RoboFake. In this paper we ask what current deepfake detectors do when they see a robot face. We test six public detectors trained on FaceForensics++ on video of a physical lip-syncing face robot, on a synthesized video of the same robot, and on rendered robot faces. All thresholds are fixed on FaceForensics++, and every result is compared with real human faces that went through the same processing as the robot videos. At a threshold that flags 5% of real faces, three detectors flag almost every physical robot frame, while two flag fewer than 7%. A matched human control and masking show that the response comes from the face, not from the processing or the background. However, it does not track synthesis: with only the face visible, three of the six detectors give the physical robot a higher fake score than its synthesized video. The response is also fragile, and light JPEG compression is enough to push most robot frames below the threshold for some detectors. Our results suggest that current detectors flag today's robots because their faces do not look human, not because they recognize a forgery. We release our evaluation protocol and code, and state three testable hypotheses about realistic, interactive RoboFakes.

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