Grip, Trace, Write: Force-Aware Imitation and Reinforcement Learning for High-DoF Robotic Handwriting

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Article Summary

Most robotic handwriting rigidly mounts the pen and reduces writing to trajectory tracking. A freely held pen instead couples grasp stability, tip motion, and contact force. We present Grip, Trace, Write, a force-aware simulation environment and learning framework for high-DoF handwriting. A two-branch actor separates pen retention from arm-wrist writing while preserving their closed-loop coupling. Training learns a grasp controller, initializes writing from inverse-kinematics demonstrations by behavior cloning, and improves writing through reinforcement learning with rewards on ink, force, time, and retention. Across diverse tasks, the policy improves completion, precision, force regulation, and efficiency over behavior cloning and inverse kinematics, and generalizes without fine-tuning to unseen English and Chinese content. These results establish force-aware handwriting as a testbed for dexterous tool use.

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