All-For-One: Distilling Visual Foundation Models to a Fast, Memory-Efficient Visuomotor Policy

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Article Summary

Visual Foundation Models (VFMs) provide semantic cues such as depth and segmentation useful for robotic manipulation, but directly deploying them in closed-loop control is impractical due to high computational cost, temporal inconsistency, and distribution shift between static internet images and egocentric robot observations. We propose All-For-One (AFO), a two-stage distillation framework that leverages VFMs strictly as privileged information during training, using downstream robotic data. Following the privileged learning paradigm, AFO decouples semantic representation learning from inference-time policy execution. In the All stage, a teacher policy fuses RGB observations with outputs from multiple VFMs to learn a semantically enriched representation. In the For-One stage, this knowledge is distilled in-distribution into a lightweight RGB-only student policy. Evaluated on two Adroit tasks and five MetaWorld tasks in simulation, as well as three real-world manipulation tasks, AFO outperforms prior foundation-model-based approaches while using over 30x fewer parameters than VFM-based encoders and 50x lower latency than its own teacher in simulation benchmarks, providing an efficient pathway for transferring foundation-model knowledge to robotic control.

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